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TOUR OF THE CATHEDRAL COMPLEX
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Entering the space of the American Cathedral on Avenue
George V and leaving behind the embassies, the designer showrooms and the
busy world of Parisian commerce, one finds a space of harmony and
tranquility columns soar weightlessly to the vaulted ceiling, the
nave unfolds towards the side altars and chapels and all the fittings and
furnishings create a unified whole, representing one of the finest
examples of neo-Gothic architecture in Europe.
ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of the American Cathedral is based on
drawings done by George Edmund Street, a leading architect of the English
Gothic Revival style, whose work includes the London Law Courts, the
Church of St. James the Less in Westminster and the American Church in
Rome.
A chief characteristic of neo-Gothic architecture is
integrity of design and materials Mr. Street called it
"ethical architecture" which meant, in short, that what
appears to be a marble column is a marble column and it is where it is for
a structural reason. When Mr. Street died in December 1881, before plans
had been finalized, the vestry voted to award the work to his son, Arthur
E. Street and to Arthur W. Bloom (another document says
"Bloomfield"). The work of construction was contracted to Henry
Lovatt of Wolverhampton, and building was begun in late 1882.
The church is 146 feet in length and 70 feet wide; the
nave is 58 feet high, the chancel, 54 feet; the spire, reputed to be the
highest in Paris, is 280 feet. The materials are St. Maximin and
Savonniere stone and Ancy-le-Franc marble. The floor is Belgian and
Italian marble.
The chancel and aisles are vaulted in stone; the nave is
vaulted in oak perhaps because in a constricted city area without the
possibility of flying buttresses, stone vaulting would have been too heavy
to sustain without independent supports.
The fittings and furnishings (for example, the baptismal
font, the wrought iron work, the candlesticks, the lectern, the pulpit,
and even some of the silver communion services) were also designed by the
architects and are therefore in a style consistent and harmonious with the
architecture
ART OBJECTS
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| THE
TRIPTYCH |
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The large triptych over the High Altar is the
joint work of Arthur E. Street and Edwin A. Abbey, an American
pre-Raphaelite painter. The center panel represents the Crucifixion; the
left wing, the Nativity; the right the Resurrection with Christ appearing
to Mary in the garden. The symbol of the Incarnation is introduced into
the framework. Edwin Abbey was an American who lived and worked in London,
and he was a member of the Royal Academy in England. With John Singer
Sargent he painted the murals for the Boston Public Library. Like many of
the furnishings and fittings in the church, this piece was designed and
created expressly for the place it occupies. |
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| ICON OF
THE ANNUNCIATION |
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This Greek icon probably dates from the
XVIIth century. The Angel Gabriel appears to Mary, who is in the domestic
act of spinning, to announce that she will give birth to a son named
Jesus. David and Solomon look on, forefathers of Christ and
representatives of the Old Covenant. The black sun in the upper part of
the scene represents the essence of God, indefinable and unknowable; the
rays represent His energies (in the form of the Holy Trinity) which are
manifestations of His essence and can therefore be known. The figures at
the bottom are fourth century bishops Gregory, Basil, John
Chrysostom and Athanesius, all opponents of the heresy of Arianism which
contested the total divinity of Christ and therefore undermined the
doctrine of the Holy Trinity. Their presence attests to the triumph of
Christian orthodoxy. |
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| THE
BLACK MADONNA |
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The Black Madonna is often considered the Patron of
Poland. There is also one at Le Puy, the most major of the starting points
in France for the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella. This painting of
the Madonna and Child is a replica of the "Black Madonna of
Czestochowa." The original painting, which is in the Paulite
Monastery of Czestochowa, was based on a 5th century Byzantine icon though
according to legend the painting was the work of St. Luke! It was
partially destroyed in the early 15th century by robbers who stripped the
image of precious stones and slashed and broke the panel. The work was
then repainted in 1434.
Our replica, based on this painting, is the gift of
Colonel Leon Slawinski who was active in the Resistance during World War
II and vowed to offer replicas of the Black Madonna if he survived.
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| APRÈS L'OFFICE BY JEAN
BÉRAUD |
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Towards the end of the 19th
century "la belle époque", James Gordon Bennett, Jr.,
owner of the Paris Herald (forerunner of the IHT), employer of the
reporter Henry Stanley of "Dr Livingstone I presume", and member
of the American Cathedral, donated a painting by Jean Béraud:
"Après l'Office à l'Église de la
Sainte-Trinité, Noël 1890" (After the Service at the
Church of the Holy Trinity, Christmas 1890). Note that the church, just
finished, was not yet a cathedral.
Béraud depicts people in their winter finery in front of the
cathedral under a light snowfall, perhaps on Christmas Day. To our
knowledge this is the only painting of the Cathedral by a known artist and
is part of the Cathedral's heritage. Since Béraud and Bennett were
contemporaries, it is believed that Bennett commissioned the painting.
After a definitive Béraud show at the Musée Carnavalet,
in which our painting was presented as the "pièce de
résistance" we decided for security reasons to leave the
painting on loan to the Musée Carnavalet, and a photograph of the
painting is on display at the Cathedral. For a few years the original was
in a gallery with other Béraud paintings and this was closed on
some days. Now the painting has been moved to La Galerie de Liaison, which
is open daily.
Musée Carnavalet, 23 rue de Sévigny, Paris 3e (Marais).
The nearest métro is St. Paul. The museum is open from 10 AM until
5:40 PM every day except Mondays and holidays.
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| THE ROUSSILLON MASTER TRIPTYCH |
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Above the altar in the Chapel of the Martyrs,
is the 15th century Spanish retable (alterpiece) is attributed to the
Master of Roussilion who was perhaps Jaubert Gaucelon who lived in
Perpignan from 1398 to 1434. Whatever its provenance, it is a fine example
of Spanish Italo-Gothic style of the late 14th century to mid 15th
century. The center panel shows the triumphant saint with the Holy Family
looking down from above. The side panels depict the martyrdom of Saints
Justus and Pastor, Castillian boys of 8 and 13, who were decapitated in
the Diocletian persecution in the year 304. It is rare in the iconography
of the Middle Ages that martyrs be represented as children, hence the two
are shown as young men. |
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| THE VISIT
OF THE MAGI |
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Attributed to the Italian master Jacopo
Bassano (1515-1592), though it is perhaps of the school of Bassano, this
painting has the qualities of the master's style long, thin
figures, odd colors, strange compositions, a pastoral background which
threatens to overwhelm the central theme, and ragged, impressionistic
strokes which foreshadow El Greco. The Visit of the Magi was a popular
medieval theme. While the Bible mentions "wise men from the
East," it was not until the Middle Ages that the number, ethnic
origins and offerings of the Magi were clearly established in Church
tradition. |
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| THE
LECTERN |
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The lectern, in the form of a brass eagle, was designed by George
Edmund Street and donated by Mrs. George D. Morgan. The eagle is the
symbol of St. John.
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| THE
CATHEDRA |
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The Bishop's Seat, or Cathedra, was designed by Arthur Edmund Street
and was given by Mrs. Robert J. Niven (née Marie Louise Vanderbilt)
as a memorial to R.J. Niven. It is in English Hopton-Wood stone and is
situated in the chancel to the left as you face the altar.
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THE COSMATI FLOOR
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Click photo to enlarge in new window.
Click here to return to map. | The records of the design of Cathedral floor
unfortunately no longer exist, but it is reminiscent of the mosaic floor
in Westminster Abbey, regarded as the finest example north of the Alps
produced by the famous Cosmati masonry artists, six Roman families who
worked during the 12th and 13th centuries. The intricate paving and inlay
of the Cathedral's floor are in their style. |
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SAINT PAUL THE TRAVELLER'S CHAPEL
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St. Paul the Traveller's Chapel was organized in 1925. The space was
always intended to be a chapel for smaller services. Later the needlepoint
kneelers were made, with scenes of St. Paul's life showing him as being
let down in a basket to escape Damascus.
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| THE
BAPTISMAL FONT |
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The Font, made of Hopton-Wood stone, was given by Dr. and Mrs Theodore
Evans in memory of her father, John P. Howard.
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| THE LANCET
WINDOWS |
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The great triple lancet window over the high
altar illustrates the fourteenth versicle of the Te Deum: "Thou art
the King of Glory, O Christ." The center lancet portrays Christ in
Majesty seated on the "throne set in heaven." In the left and
right lancets are represented the "four and twenty elders sitting,
clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold"
(Revelation 4:4). Between the six grouings of the elders with their harps
are set out the "Holy, holy, holy" acknowledgement of the four
beasts. This triple lancet window was the gift of George P. Clapp. |
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| THE
WINDOWS AND FLAGS IN THE NAVE |
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The stained glass windows
are the work of the firm Bell and Beckham of London, designed by James
Bell, and completed between 1883 and 1893. Each window represents part of
the text of the Te Deum Laudamus (found on page 95 of the Prayer Book)
which is, as the title indicates, a hymn of praise to God and to Christ
"All creation worships you . . . the glorious
company of apostles praise you, the noble fellowhip of prophets praise
you, the white-robed army of martyrs praise you."
The second photograph shows the fifty-two flags hanging in the nave of
the Cathedral, which are the flag
of the United States, those of the fifty states and the flag of
France. At the rear is
the great
"West Window" (see the next item).
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THE "WEST" WINDOW
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The great "West" window (it is
really at the east end of the Cathedral, but since all churches are
supposed to face east, even though some of them do not, it is
traditionally called the West window) was a gift of Benjamin Hart, a
convert to Christianity from Judaism. It is thirty feet high and eighteen
feet wide. It was completed in 1887.
It is dominated, in its central light, by the seated figure of Our Lord
holding an orb surmounted by a cross, a representation of God's power in
all the earth. Above this figure in small lettering is the opening
versicle of the Te Deum: "We praise Thee, O God". The second
half of the versicle encircles the head of Our Lord: "We acknowledge
Thee to be the Lord."
On either side of this figure are a series of human figures
representing the four corners of the globe. In the upper left three lights
are figures of kings and bishops illustrating the peoples of Europe. In
the lower left three lights are Africans: Egyptians and Black Africans. In
the upper right three lights are Asians (Arab, Chinese, Ottoman). The
lower right three lights depict North and South Americans: a Spanish
conquistador, a North American Indian, an Argentinian cowboy.
Separating the upper and lower figures is the second versicle of the Te
Deum: "All the earth doth worship Thee, the Father everlasting,"
which is repeated at the base of the window. At the top center is the
third versicle: "To Thee all angels cry aloud" and continuing in
the rondel above "The Heavens and all the powers therein" with
four angels and the four elements.
In the left and right trefoils are the signs of the Zodiac, which were
used in Medieval times in church art and are an indication that to Our
Lord belong all times and seasons.
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THE COLE PORTER PIANO
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Mystery surrounds this extraordinary piano, a Steinway, serial number
121776, one of only a few pianos in the world in imitation of the Louis
XIV style of construction and decoration. We know that it was constructed
in Hamburg as a "normal" piano; with three legs and an ebony
finish. It was sold on October 15, 1906, and delivered to a certain E.
Moulle Company in Paris, where it received its current extraordinary
painting and leg structure: it imitates, almost exactly, a famous Johannes
Rückers dating from 1628, now in the Chateau de Versailles. At some
point it was purchased by Howard Sturges, a close friend of the great Cole
Porter. Both Porter and Sturges had apartments on the Rue Monsieur, in
Paris' 7th arrondissement. One can only imagine how often
Porter played this piano, and after it was given to the Cathedral at the
time of Sturges' death, in the 1950s, it became known to us as the
"Cole Porter Piano."
Although the health of the interior (the key action, tuning, etc.) of
the instrument has been maintained over the years (most recently by Pianos
Magne), the exterior did not receive the same attention, most likely
because of its extraordinary nature. The Cathedral's arts association,
Les Arts George V, agreed to undertake a project, completed in
September 2004, to restore the original beauty of the piano's exterior
painting and make repairs to its ailing structure. The project was
supervised by Les Arts George V, Cathedral Organist-Choirmaster
Edward Tipton, and specialist Isabelle Chochod, and included art
restorers, woodworkers, and guilders. Financial support was provided by
Les Arts George V, Barbara Watson Pillsbury, and the Living Stones
Capital Campaign, and the Mona Bismark Foundation.
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| KNEELERS
AND CUSHIONS |
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All the kneelers and cushions were the result
of a parish needlepoint project initiated in 1960 by Mrs. Amory Houghton,
whose husband was the American Ambassador to France from 1957 to 1961.
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THE CLOISTER
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The Cathedral cloister was dedicated on May
30, 1923, by Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the American Ambassador, Myron T.
Herrick, in the presence of President Raymond Poincaré as a
memorial to the American soldiers and civilians who died in World War I.
On June 24, 1994, Philippe Mestre, the French Minister of Veterans and War
Victims, and The Honorable Pamela Harriman, United States Ambassador to
France, inaugurated the seven marble plaques lining the cloister, work of
the artist Rudy Bass, to the memory of all nationalities, civilians and
soliders, who died or disappeared in Europe during World War II. |
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| THE
GARDEN |
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The Dean's Garden in the Cloister is
maintained by the Garden Guild for visitors to our Cathedral and for the
congregation, who enjoy the beauty of the garden during summer Sunday
coffees and occasional parties. |
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| STATUE OF
A BOY |
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The statue of a young boy with birds is by
Beverly Seamans. It was a gift to the Cathedral from The Rev. Frank and
Mrs. Strasberger. |
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